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Researchers have revealed how muscle cells deteriorate with age, affecting their ability to regenerate and recover after an injury. The findings could help to shed light on why it takes people longer to recover from muscle damage as they age. A team at Nottingham Trent University analysed the genes inside muscle cells, and found the ‘development pathways’ – the different ways in which genes work together to regenerate muscle – become weakened in older cells. We know that healthy muscle regenerates after we’ve had an injury but ageing impairs that regeneration potential and recovery gets harder the older we get Dr Livia Santos, Nottingham Trent University Lead researcher Dr Livia Santos, an expert in musculoskeletal biology in Nottingham Trent University’s School of Science and Technology, said: “This goes some way towards explaining why muscle injuries may take longer to recover as we get older.” She added: “We know that healthy muscle regenerates after we’ve had an injury but ageing impairs that regeneration potential and recovery gets harder the older we get. “What we’ve observed, in terms of what happens inside the cells, helps us to better understand why we don’t heal as well or as quickly in older age. “The pathways that control cell processes and development work differently in older cells and are downregulated, meaning regeneration is impacted the older we get. “If we can understand these pathways, however, we could potentially identify new therapies and interventions to mitigate the problem.” The researchers developed a new approach to examine muscle cells in the laboratory to enable them to observe the different mechanisms that drive muscle ageing. They studied muscle cells from donors, chemically injuring cells after they had been donated and isolated, then assessing how they heal and regenerate back to their pre-injury baseline levels. When they looked at cells from a 20-year-old and a 68-year-old donor, researchers found distinct differences in the development pathways of the younger and older cells. While younger muscle cells fully recovered from the injury, the team found that in older cells the genes expressed less of what they needed to, leaving the cells no longer able to perform in the way they should. According to the researchers, this contributes to reduced regeneration capacity leading to thinner, less robust ‘myotubes’ – a type of cell that can fully develop into a muscle fibre. Muscle regeneration is a complex and finely balanced biological process and is known to deteriorate with ageing, leading to the decline of musculoskeletal health and in some cases metabolic and genetic diseases. Our work enables us to examine muscle cell regeneration across the lifespan and this in turn could be key for future drug discovery for disease related to muscle ageing Researcher Janelle Tarum Janelle Tarum, another researcher on the study, said: “We’ve been able to develop a new approach to assess muscle regeneration which involves a state-of-the-art technique called RNA-sequencing. “There’s a very clear reduced regeneration capacity and weakened recovery of aged cells and we have been able to further understand the factors underlying this impairment. “Our work enables us to examine muscle cell regeneration across the lifespan and this in turn could be key for future drug discovery for disease related to muscle ageing.” The study, which also involved Manchester Metropolitan University and Liverpool John Moores University, is published in the Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.

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Pumpkins, witches, black cats – forget it. If you want to slay at Halloween these days, you’ve got to think outside the box. Of course, few of us have the budget or on-call makeup artist to recreate Heidi Klum’s iconic worm get-up, but that’s no excuse not to cause a stir. The internet is awash with weird, wonderful and down-right mind-boggling costume ideas to get your creative juices flowing. And so, with October 31 just a few days away, indy100 has rounded up all the most brilliant and bonkers options to help you secure your place as the belle of the monster’s ball. Pick of the best 1. Taylor Swift and Travis Kelce We know you're as invested in this blossoming love story as we are, so get yourself an Eras-style dress and an NFL jersey and prove it. 2. Allan '"There are no multiples of Allan. He's just Allan." So forget Barbie and Ken – don a rainbow-striped flannel shirt and truly stand out from the crowd. 3. Succession's "ludicrously capacious bag" "What's even in there? Huh? Flat shoes for the subway? Her lunch pail? I mean, Greg, it's monstrous. It's gargantuan. You could take it camping. You could slide it across the floor after a bank job." You know what we're talking about. 4. Tanya from the White Lotus "These gays, they're trying to murder me." Gone but never forgotten. 5. ‘Instagram vs reality’ This is both easy to recreate and genius. (Just careful who you ask to be your "reality"...) 6. Bob Ross + painting Euphoria's Lexi inspired a whole generation of Bob Ross costumes. And now they're available on Amazon. Aaand... some weird ones 7. Deer in the headlights Someone came up with this idea and it actually got made. Oh, and it can be yours for a mere £64.99. 8. Spaghetti and meatballs Seeing someone clutching a pair of giant meatballs is not our idea of a Halloween treat. But, hey, if you're into it and you're based in the US, you'll just need to fork out $84.98 to recreate this look. 9. Light plug and socket We would argue that whoever came up with this had the opposite of a lightbulb moment.Though, to be fair, it is pretty creepy. (And can be yours for $31.99 – or around £26 plus shipping.) 10. A pair of trainers Look, we're not trying to be purists and we get that Halloween isn't all about cobwebs and zombies any more but, seriously, what the hell does a pair of sneakers have to do with anything? Honestly, if you think this one is for you, you can pay your £59.99 and jog on, as far as we're concerned. Sign up for our free Indy100 weekly newsletter Have your say in our news democracy. Click the upvote icon at the top of the page to help raise this article through the indy100 rankings

UPDATE: May. 11, 2023, 5:00 a.m. EDT This story has been updated to include new

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